The Toyota Previa (Japanese: トヨタ・プレビアToyota Purebia), also known as the Toyota Estima (Japanese: トヨタ・エスティマToyota Esutima) in Japan, and Toyota Tarago (Japanese: トヨタ・タラゴToyota Tarago) in Australia, is an MPV or multi-purpose vehicle (known as a minivan in North America) produced by Toyota since 1990.

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The name 'Previa' is derived from the Spanish and Italian for 'preview,' as Toyota saw the first Previa as a vehicle that would preview technologies used in future minivans. Along with the Toyota Sienna, the Previa is the second largest minivan in Toyota's line-up after the bigger and more luxurious Alphard/Vellfire (which is not offered in most Western markets).

• 1First generation (XR10, XR20; 1990–1999)
• 2Second generation (XR30, XR40; 2000–2005)
• 3Third generation (XR50; 2006–present)

First generation (XR10, XR20; 1990–1999)[edit]

The first generation, designed by Toyota designer Tokuo Fukuichi and Calty designer David Doyle in 1987 (patent filed 24 December 1987), was introduced on 27 January 1990, had only one sliding side door for the rear passengers. It featured a unique mid-engined platform, where the inline four cylinder gasoline-powered engine was installed almost flat (at a 75-degree angle), beneath the front seats.

Installing the engine in this configuration allowed moderately easy access to the spark plugs, which were located underneath a panel on the upper left-side of the vehicle, after removing the front passenger seat, the carpet, and an access panel.

All engine-driven accessories, such as the alternator, power steering pump, air conditioning compressor, and radiator fan, are accessible from the front hood, driven off the front of the engine by an accessory driveshaft, and is known as the Supplemental Accessory Drive System, or 'SADS.' This allows for even front/rear weight distribution, which benefits ride quality and handling. However, it also prevents the installation of a larger engine, while the cost could not be relayed by sharing the platform with other vehicles.

The first generation Previa was 4,750 mm (187.0 in) long and 1,803 mm (71.0 in) wide. In Japan, two smaller versions, the Toyota Estima Lucida and Toyota Estima Emina, were produced, which were approximately 110 mm (4.3 in) narrower and 70 mm (2.8 in) shorter than the standard model, which continued to be sold in Japan but as the 'wide-body' Estima.

The reason for the difference between the smaller Emina and Lucida models is the vehicle tax system in Japan, which is based on the product of length and width of the car, and the smaller variants fall into a lower tax band. The Estima Emina and Estima Lucida were also available with a 2.2-liter diesel engine (3C-T and 3C-TE).^[3] In Japan, the Estima and Estima Emina were exclusive to the dealerships called Toyota Store. The Estima Lucida sold at Toyota Corolla Store dealerships.

The first generation Previa was available in both rear- and all-wheel drive versions (called All-Trac) and powered by a 135 hp (101 kW) JIS (99 kW) four-cylinder 2.4-liter fuel injection engine. Available with a four-speed automatic or five-speed manual gearbox, this Previa also seated seven or eight people, with three seating configurations offered (North America only received the seven passenger configurations, however).

All configurations have a driver and front passenger seat forward, and a three-seat bench seat at the rear that splits and folds flat against the sides of the cabin. The eight-seat configuration contains a 2/1 split swiveling bench seat in the middle row, while the seven-seat configurations contain either two independently swiveling captain's chairs (referred to as 'Quad Seating'), in the middle row or a two-seat bench offset towards the driver's side.

The third row is also better upholstered in the seven-seat version. It was available with either four-wheel disc brakes or traditional front disc/rear drum brake setup, with anti-lock brakes (ABS) as an option.

United States[edit]

In the United States, the Previa was sold from March 1990 (for the 1991 model year) to 1997. It was imported from Japan to compete with Chrysler Corporation's successful Dodge Caravan minivan, and its twins Chrysler Town and Country and Plymouth Voyager; Chrysler CEO Lee Iacocca accused Toyota of dumping the Previa in the United States in order to take market share in the minivan segment from Chrysler. However, his claims were never substantiated.

While the Previa proved more popular than the Toyota Van it replaced, it did not acquire significant market share from Chrysler—due to its higher price, controversial styling (for its time), lower fuel economy and engine performance—and also due to Chrysler launching redesigned minivans around the same time.

The mid-engine design proved to have a significant limitation—the inability to incorporate larger engine sizes, which proved a problem as American drivers were used to having more power; the Dodge/Plymouth/Chrysler models were sold with available V6 engines with slightly more power. At the same time, this layout granted the Previa greater interior space than the Chrysler competitors.

Starting with the 1994 model year, Toyota attempted to rectify engine performance by fitting a Roots-type supercharger with air-to-air intercooler, providing six psi of boost (these models were called the 'S/C'), bringing the engine power up to a competitive 158 hp (118 kW) and increasing fuel mileage from 17 to 23 mpg_‑US (14 to 10 L/100 km). Initially, the S/C engine was only available as an option on the LE for the 1994 model year and all models for 1995.

The United States version of the Previa was discontinued after the 1997 model year, replaced by the more traditionally designed, front-wheel-drive, US-designed and built, Camry-based Sienna.

The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety has given the Toyota Previa a 'Poor' rating.^[4]

Netherlands[edit]

The first generation Previa was marketed in the Netherlands between 1991 and 1994. In 1994 the supercharged or SC model was made standard on all Previas. The only engine available was a 2.4-liter 4-cylinder engine until 1995. Trim levels were base (later renamed to i denoting an injection engine), GL, GLi and GXi. The 2.2-liter diesel version was a popular grey import.

Australia[edit]

In Australia, the Tarago was offered in GL/GLI, GLS, and GLX forms with 7–8 passenger seating from 1991 models. In addition to the Australian market, there were various special edition models available, which varied in trim levels. These include the RV (either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic with 4WD), commemorative Rugby World Cup editions and Getaway. Feature-wise, all of the special edition models are marketed between the base GLI and GLX models. When the later-style update models were released in Australia, the top of the line GLS model was renamed 'Ultima' and the Getaway became a mainstay trim level, being renamed Getaway II.

3c-te Engine Manual Pdf

Additional notes[edit]

• The five-speed manual Previas (North American models) were made from 1990 through to 1993 (model year 1991 to 1993); none of these have a supercharger.^[5]
• Starting in 1991 for model year 1992, Previas (North American models) came with a driver's side air bag and third brake-light with dual airbags becoming standard in September 1993 for year model 1994, being first minivan to offer a passenger airbag as standard.
• From 1991 to 1997 (from 1992 to 1997 model years), North American Previas also came with a swivel feature on the optional middle-row captain's chairs; 1990 to 1991 production (1991 model year) had fixed optional captain's chairs.
• Available on Previas outside the U.S., was an ice-maker/refrigerator that doubled as a beverage heater called the Hot/Cool Box.
• The supercharged engine is different from the normally aspirated engine, owing to a slight decrease in compression ratio and stronger engine internals. The supercharger is engaged on-demand by an electromagnetic clutch, based on input from the engine management system computer (the Engine Control Unit, or ECU).
• Previas have optional dual moonroofs: A power horizontal-sliding only glass moonroof above the middle row of passengers, and a pop-up glass moonroof above the front seats.
• Previas were also the first van to pass all US safety standards as pertaining to front impact, driver air bag, passenger air bag, center-mounted brake light, ABS, daylights, etc.
• Gas mileage is below average (11-13L/100 km or 18.1–21.4mpg city, 10-11L/100 km or 21.4–23.5mpg highway); the small 4-cyl engine needs to work a bit harder owing to the power to weight ratio of the vehicle, compared with today's 6-cyl engines. The addition of the supercharger slightly improves power and gives better fuel consumption.
• The Previa gives a practically panoramic view, excluding the pillars behind the front doors. This also turns the van into a greenhouse, accumulating extreme heat in a short period of time, although solar control glass later became an option, to help alleviate the problem.
• Previas are affectionately called 'eggvans', 'eggs', or 'beans', because of their shape. In Australia, they have been referred to as 'Wombats', because they somewhat resemble the marsupial of the same name. In New Zealand they are very popular with freedom campers and are referred to as 'Bucky' buses.
• In the United States, first generation Previa model variations, in order of lowest to highest price/option features, are: DX, DX All-Trac, DX S/C, LE, LE All-Trac, LE S/C, LE S/C All-Trac (where S/C = Supercharged and AllTrac = 4WD)
• The front passenger seat and a section of floor pan must be removed to perform a tune up because there is not enough room to remove spark plug leads or spark plugs.
• When the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety tested the 1996 model in the offset frontal crash test, it revealed many safety problems: the cabin structure was unstable, the steering wheel moved upward all the way to the windshield, the lap belt tore which allowed the dummy to end up in a partially reclining position, and there were high forces on both of the lower legs, in which the IIHS evaluated it 'Poor'.^[4]
• In some countries (mainly Australia, Japan and the United Kingdom) unsold Estimas and Lucidas were re-badged as 1995/1996 Previas.

Second generation (XR30, XR40; 2000–2005)[edit]

The first generation Previa was sold outside the United States until 8 January 2000, when a new front wheel drive second generation replaced it. The second generation was not available in North America, as they received the Toyota Sienna. The second generation Previa had a slightly longer wheelbase (2900 mm) and was both narrower (1790 mm) and lower (1770 mm) than the first one; it switched to FF layout and was based on the Camryplatform.

It was produced with sliding rear passenger doors on both sides and offered space for up to six, seven or eight passengers and, as with the first generation, was sold as the Estima in Japan and as the Tarago in Australia. The range available in Australia was the GLi, GLX and Ultima.

Models sold on the European markets were available with both gasoline and diesel-powered four-cylinder engines. The diesel engine was a 2.0-liter 1CD-FTV with 116 hp (87 kW) and the gasoline-powered one a 2.4-liter 2AZ-FE with 156 hp (116 kW). Both models featured a five-speed manual transmission as the part of standard equipment, while a four-speed automatic was available as an option on gasoline-powered model.

Australian models were only available with the 2.4-liter petrol engine and a four-speed automatic.

In Japan, a 3.0-liter V6 engine and a hybrid version of the Estima were available.

Estima Hybrid[edit]

The Estima Hybrid employed the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive and used two electric motors. A 2.4-liter gasoline engine and a 13 kW (17 hp) electric motor power the front wheels, while the rear wheels are propelled by a 18 kW (24 hp) electric motor.^[8] The vehicle had been on sale in Japan since June 2001. Production of the hybrid started in May 2001 at the Motomachi plant and June 2002 at the Fujimatsu plant.^[6][1] It is claimed by Toyota to be the world's first hybrid minivan.^[9]

• Pre-facelift Previa (Europe)

• 2001–2003 Toyota Estima Hybrid Rear

• 2001–2003 Toyota Estima Hybrid Front

• Interior

Third generation (XR50; 2006–present)[edit]

The third generation was introduced in 2006 in Japanese and Australian markets as the Estima and Tarago respectively, and as the Previa elsewhere. Features include an available second-generation Hybrid Synergy Drive drivetrain (only in Japanese markets), automatic parallel and reverse parking (only on Toyota Estima), track-mounted second row reclining seats with footrests, and power-folding split third row seats (for seven-seater models). It received a minor facelift in 2009.^[12]G-BOOK was added to the list of optional features. Active driver assist features such as Lane Keeping Assist and Dynamic Radar Cruise Control were offered as an option exclusively to V6 variants.

As with the previous generation, the Australian version of the automobile continued to use a 2.4-liter inline-four engine. In February 2007, a 3.5-liter V6 engine (202 kW (271 hp), 340 N⋅m (250 ft⋅lbf) torque) became available in order for the automobile to remain competitive against its main rivals in Australia, the international Honda Odyssey, the Kia Carnival/Sedona, and the Hyundai iMax. The 2.4-liter engine was widely criticized for lacking torque.

It is known as the Toyota Tarago in Australia, released in March 2006. The model had a facelift in 2009 and the option of a seven-seater variant released in 2008. Another update was released in 2012 with smart start as standard on all models, smart entry on GLX V6 and Ultima models, new audio systems on all models, automatic headlights and a new Rustic Brown colour option. It also received the major facelift in 2016, with updated interior and other new standard features offered, however it still bears its exterior looks mostly unchanged as with the pre-facelift design.

In some markets such as Hong Kong and Taiwan, Toyota announced the 3.5-liter V6 model in January 2007 but was dropped from the lineup after its major facelift in 2016.

The Previa continues to be excluded from North America as the locally produced Sienna occupies that market.

Notable about this generation was its absence in Europe. In many parts of the continent, the price setter in this segment has, since the late 1990s, been a joint venture vehicle produced in Palmela, Portugal by Ford Europe and Volkswagen, the Ford Galaxy/Volkswagen Sharan/SEAT Alhambra. By 2004, the second generation Galaxy/Sharan was coming to the end of its model life and run-out versions were heavily discounted. Competitors found themselves responding to the discounts or losing market share.

In European markets, Toyota branded vehicles often achieved a price premium, but scope for this is not unlimited. Ford Europe's third generation Galaxy, launched in 2006, was also aggressively priced, which offers one clue as to why Toyota ended Previa sales in Europe, where healthier margins are available on smaller slightly nimbler minivans and in the still hugely lucrative luxury four wheel drive segment.

Even though no current MPV of this size is sold by Toyota Europe, much of its market territory it once occupied has been partially filled by the new Toyota Versocompact MPV since March 2009.

In May 2019, Toyota revealed the new Granvia people mover, heavily based on the latest HiAcevan. Toyota Australia confirmed the Granvia will replace the Tarago by the end of 2019, however, they will be sold alongside each other for a short period of time.^[13]

Estima Hybrid[edit]

The third generation Estima Hybrid, currently only sold in Japan and Hong Kong, is powered by Toyota's 2.4-liter E-Four hybrid system with all-wheel drive. It is said to be similar to that of the Lexus RX 400h but a generation behind.^[14]

• 2008 Toyota Estima Aeras (Japan)

• Pre-facelift Toyota Tarago GLi

• Pre-facelift Toyota Tarago GLX

• Facelift Toyota Tarago GLi

• Facelift Toyota Tarago GLi

Facelift (2016–present)[edit]

The facelifted model was launched in mid-2016, its dimensions remain mostly unchanged while it receives various new additional equipment to keep up with its competitors.^[15] In the interior features a redesigned multifunction steering wheel and a piano black center console that neatly houses a large touchscreen infotainment display. A new safety system 'Toyota Safety Sense C' was offered for the first time in the facelifted Estima but only for Japanese models. The former includes pre-collision system with pedestrian detection function, lane keep assist, high beam assist, and radar cruise control.

Along with the new safety features comes with slightly redesigned headlights with LED day time running lights, taillights, bumpers, as well as interior with updated steering wheel design, it also becomes the first Toyota to have 360 degree 99% UV cut glass preventing 99% of UV rays from entering into the vehicle creating a cooler environment overall, this 99% UV cut glass also gets a recommendation from Skin Cancer Foundation and has a SPF 50+/PA++++ rating. The Estima drops its 3.5L V6 engine option and now only offers the 2.4L inline 4 producing 170 PS (130 kW), and 224 N⋅m (165 ft⋅lbf) and its hybrid variant.

• Toyota Estima (2016 facelift)

• Toyota Estima (2016 facelift)

3c Te Engine Manual Free

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcde'Affiliates (Toyota wholly-owned subsidiaries)-Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd'. Toyota Motor Corporation. 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
2. ^Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha. 'US Patent D305624'. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
3. ^'1990–2000 Toyota Estima'. Right Drive. Canada. Archived from the original on 2012-06-19. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
4. ^ ^ab'IIHS-HLDI: Toyota Previa'. Iihs.org. 2005-09-02. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
5. ^Matras, John (April 1994). 'Supercharging to the rescue'. Popular Science.
6. ^ ^abcd'Motomachi Plant'. Toyota Motor Corporation. 2012. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
7. ^'岡本浩志' [Okamoto Hiroshi] (in Japanese). Chiba University. 2006. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
8. ^Thorp, Chris (2003-08-19). 'Toyota Estima Hybrid'. Auto Express. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
9. ^Nunez, Alex (2006-06-13). 'Toyota Estima Hybrid gets a full redesign'. Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2009-11-20.
10. ^'Japanese Production Sites' (Press release). Japan: Toyota. 2015-03-06. Archived from the original on 2015-03-18.
11. ^'Facelifted Estima Specs (2016)'. Goo-net-Exchange.
12. ^Tan, Paul. 'Toyota Estima receives a facelift in Japan'. Paultan.org. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
13. ^'Toyota Unveils All-New Luxury Granvia | Latest News'. New Cars Toyota Australia: Prices, Service Centres, Dealers, Test Drives. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
14. ^Cobb, Jeff (2013-09-10). 'Toyota's Fuel-Sipping Estima And Alphard Hybrid Minivans – Off Limits For US'. Hybridcars.com. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
15. ^'2016 Toyota Estima facelift'. Paultan.org. Retrieved 2016-06-30.

External links[edit]

The ToyotaC engine family was a series of inline-4diesel engines. There were two earlier generations of an engine Toyota named as the 'Type C'. The first generation was introduced in 1940 as a modification of the Type A engine. This first 'Type C' was installed in the Toyota AE. The second generation was the first diesel engine at 1500cc used in the CS20 series 1959 Toyota Crown in October 1959. Japanese market vehicles with diesel engines were exclusive to Toyota Japan dealerships called Toyota Diesel Store locations from 1979 until the dealership was cancelled in 1988.

• 31C
• 42C
• 53C

C[edit]

The original C engine was first introduced in October 1959, for the Crown Diesel. It has a displacement of 1,491 cc and 40 PS (29 kW).^[1]

Features at a glance[edit]

3c Te Engine Manuals

1C[edit]

1C, 1C-L, 1C-LC[edit]

Output:

• 1C (longitudinally mounted):

64 hp (48 kW) at 4700 rpm, and torque 86 lb·ft (117 N·m) at 2700 rpm

• 1C-L (transversely mounted):

64 hp (48 kW) at 4700 rpm, and torque 87 lb·ft (118 N·m) at 2600 rpm

Applications:

• CA60/67 Carina 1982-1988
• CE70/71/72 Corolla 1982-1987
• CE80 Corolla 1983-1987
• CE90/96/97 Corolla 1987-1992
• CT140/147 Corona 1982-1987
• CM20/25 LiteAce / TownAce 1982-1986
• CM35 LiteAce 1985-1988 (Japan only)(According to Theiss Australia original Brochure Also available in Australia in the Liteace CM35RVMRSBEQ)
• CM50 LiteAce / TownAce 1986-1989 (Japan only)
• CR26 LiteAce / TownAce 1982-1988 (Japan only)
• CE70 Sprinter 1982-1983 (Japan only)
• CE80 Sprinter 1983-1987 (Japan only)
• CE90/96/97 Sprinter 1987-1991 (Japan only)
• CP50 Starlet 1979-1983 (Japan only)

1C-TL, 1C-TLC[edit]

A turbocharged version of the 1.8-liter diesel four. This model was only installed in the V10-series Camry/Vista. The European model premiered at the 1983 Frankfurt Motor Show and produces 73 PS (54 kW) at 4500 rpm and 145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) at 2600 rpm.^[2]

Applications:

• CV10 Camry 1983-1985 (Japan, Europe, US only)
• CV10 Vista 1983-1985 (Japan only)

2C[edit]

The 2C was a long running diesel engine, with some models (e.g. Corona, Townace, Liteace) receiving the turbo version 2C-T which provided 65 kW. It was replaced by the more economical 3C-TE in the above models from 1999.

2C, 2C-L[edit]

Output:

• 2C, 2C-L: 73 hp (54 kW) at 4700 rpm, and torque 97 lb·ft (132 N·m) at 3000 rpm

Applications:

• CT190/196/198 Caldina 1992-1998 (Japan)
• CT150 Carina 1984-1988 (Japan)
• CT170/176 Carina 1988-1992 (Japan)
• CT190/195 Carina 1992-1996 (Japan)
• CT150 Carina II 1983-1987 (Europe)
• CT170 Carina II 1987-1992 (Europe)
• CT190 Carina E 1992-1996 (Europe)
• CE95 Corolla 1989-1991 (Japan)
• CE100/104/106/108/109 Corolla 1991-1998
• CE110/114 Corolla 1995-2001
• CE120 Corolla (Altis) 2001-2004 (Asia)
• CE140 Corolla (Altis) (Asia)
• CT141 Corona taxi 1986-1991
• CT150 Corona 1983-1987
• CT170/176/177 Corona 1987-1992
• CT190/195 Corona 1992-1996
• CXC10 Deliboy 1991-1994
• CM26 LiteAce / TownAce 1985-1986 (Japan)
• CM30/31/36/41 LiteAce 1985-1992
• CM51/52/55/60/61/65 LiteAce / TownAce 1989-1999 (Japan)
• CR21/27/28/36 LiteAce / TownAce 1984-1996
• CR41/51 LiteAce / TownAce 1996-1989 (Japan)
• CE95 Sprinter 1989-1991 (Japan)
• CE100/104/106/108/109 Sprinter 1991-1998 (Japan)
• CE110/114 Sprinter 1995-1998 (Japan)
• CF50 Kijang / Tamaraw FX / Qualis / Venture / Stallion 1994-1998 (South East Asia)

2C-E[edit]

EFI version. 89 bhp (66 kW)

Applications:

• CE110 Corolla 1995-2001

2C-T, 2C-TL, 2C-TLC[edit]

Turbocharged version.

Applications:

• CT190 Caldina 1994-1997 (Japan only)
• CT210/215 Carina 1996-1998 (Japan only)
• CT190 Carina E 1996-1997 (Europe only)
• CT220 Avensis 1997-2000 (ex. Europe)
• CV11 Camry 1985-1986
• CV20 Camry 1986-1991
• CV30 Camry 1990-1994 (Japan only)
• CT190 Corona 1996-1997 (ex. Japan)
• CT210/215 Corona 1996-1997 (Japan only)
• CM30/40 LiteAce 1985-1992 (Japan only)
• CR21/28/30/37 LiteAce / TownAce 1984-1992 (Japan only)
• CV11 Vista 1985-1986 (Japan only)
• CV20 Vista 1988-1990 (Japan only)
• CV30 Vista 1990-1994 (Japan only)

2C-TE[edit]

Turbocharged version with EFI.

Applications:

• CT220 Avensis 1997-2000 (Europe only)

3C[edit]

Although having a larger displacement than the 2C-T, the 3C-TE was more economical and powerful at 94 kW. The C series engines were replaced by the CD series in the European market, while Toyota stopped selling diesel models in Japan after the 3C-TE.

3C-E[edit]

EFI version.

Applications:

• CT197/199 Caldina 1998-? (Japan only)
• CE101/102/105/107 Corolla 1998-2002 (Japan only)
• CE113/116 Corolla 1998-2000 (Japan only)
• CE121 Corolla 2000-2002 (Japan only)
• CM70/75/80/85 LiteAce / TownAce 1999–present (Japan only)
• CR42/52 LiteAce / TownAce 1998-2006 (Japan only)
• CE102/105/107 Sprinter 1998-2002 (Japan only)
• CE113/116 Sprinter 1998-2000 (Japan only)

3C-T[edit]

Toyota Engine Manual

Turbocharged version.

Applications:

• CV40/43 Camry 1994-1998 (Japan only)
• CXR10/11/20/21 Estima 1992-1993 (Japan only)
• CR22/29/31/38 LiteAce / TownAce 1993-1996 (Japan only)
• CR40/50 LiteAce Noah / TownAce Noah 1996-2001 (Japan only)
• CV40/43 Vista 1994-1998 (Japan only)

3C-TE[edit]

Toyota 3c-te Engine Manual

Turbocharged version with EFI.126 hp (94 kW) at 4700 rpm

Applications:

• CT216 Caldina 1998-2002 (Japan only)
• CT211/216 Carina 1998-2001 (Japan only)
• CT211/216 Corona 1997-2001 (Japan only)
• CXR10/11/20/21 Estima 1993-1999 (Japan only)
• CXM10 Gaia 1998-2004 (Japan only)
• CXM10 Ipsum 1997-2001 (Japan only)
• CXM10 Picnic 1997-2001 (Europe only)

References[edit]

3c Te Engine

1. ^ＧＰ企画センター [GP Planning Center], ed. (2006). 日本自動車史年表 [History Timeline of the Japanese automobile]. Tokyo, Japan: GP Publications. ISBN978-4-87687-286-2.
2. ^Verhelle, Tony (1983-10-13). 'Frankfurt: vervolg en slot' [Frankfurt continued]. De AutoGids (in Flemish). Brussels, Belgium: Uitgeverij Auto-Magazine. 5 (106): 35–36.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)

Honda Engine Manual